<h4>导言 直面内战</h4>
[1] John Lewis Gaddis, “The Long Peace: Elements of Security in the Postwar International System,” in Long Peace ,214—45; Mueller, Retreat from Doomsday; Mandelbaum, Dawn of Peace in Europe; Howard, The Invention of Peace and the Reinvention of War; Sheehan, Where Have All the Soldiers Gone?
[2] Melander, Pettersson, and Themnér, Organized Violence, 1989—2015;Ptt d Wllt eerssonanaenseen,“Armed Conflicts 1946—2014,.”
[3] Braumoeller, “Is War Disappearing?”; Newman, “Conflict Research and the‘Decline’ of Civil War”; Sarkees, “Patterns of Civil Wars in the Twentieth Century.”
[4] Ghervas, “La paix par le droit, ciment de la civilisation en Europe?”
[5] Immanuel Kant, “Toward Perpetual Peace” (1795), in Practical Philosophy,trans. Gregor, 317, 351.
[6] Goldstein, Winning the War on War; Pinker, Better Angels of Our Nature.
[7] hironaka, Neverending Wars, 4–5; Paul Collier, Lisa Chauvet, and Håvard Hagre,“The Security Challenge in Conflict-Prone Countries,” in Global Crises, Global Solutions, ed. Lomborg, 72, 99 (quoted); Skaperdas et al., Costs of Violence;World Bank, World Development Report 2011; Dunne, “Armed Conflicts”;Hoeffler, “Alternative Perspective.”
[8] Collier, Wars, Guns, and Votes, 139 (quoted); Collier, Hoeffler, and Söderbom,“On the Duration of Civil War”; Fearon, “Why Do Some Civil Wars Last So Much Longer Than Others?”; Walter, “Does Conflict Beget Conflict?”;Hironaka, Neverending Wars, 1, 50; World Bank, World Development Report 2011, 57.
[9] Collier, Bottom Billion; Rice, Graff, and Lewis, Poverty and Civil War.
[10] Mission statement, Centre for the Study of Civil War, Peace Research Institute Oslo, http://www.prio.org/Programmes /Extensions/Centre-for-the-Study-of Civil-War/About/.
[11] Enzensberger, Civil War, 12.
[12] Agamben, Stasis, trans. Heron, 2. Compare Grangé, Oublier la guerre civile?, 7:“il est vrai que la guerre civile est occultée par les traités politiques”; Kissane,Nations Torn Asunder, 3: “There has been, in the history of political thought, no systematic treatise on civil war.”
[13] Mason, “Evolution of Theory on Civil War and Revolution,” 63– 66.
[14] Melander, Petersson, and Wallensteen, “Organized Violence, 1989—2015,” 730;Gleditsch, “Transnational Dimensions of Civil War”; Checkel, Transnational Dynamics of Civil War.
[15] Mayer, Furies, 323 (“If war is hell, then civil war belongs to hell’s deepest and most infernal regions”); Kalyvas, Logic of Violence in Civil War, 52–53.
[16] Lucan, Bellum civile (1.31–32), in Lucan, Civil War, trans. Braund, 3– 4; Michel de Montaigne, “Of Bad Meanes Emploied to a Good End” (Essais, 2.23), in Essays Written in French by Michael Lord of Montaigne, trans. Florio, 384;Frank Aiken, Aug. 3, 1922, quoted in Hopkinson, Green Against Green, 273.
[17] Eliot, Milton, 3.
[18] De Gaulle, quoted in Marañon Moya, “El general De Gaulle, en Toledo” (“Todas las guerras son malas … Pero las guerras civiles, en las que en ambas trincheras hay hermanos, son imperdonables, porque la paz no nace cuando la guerra termina”).
[19] Enzensberger, Civil War, trans. Spence and Chalmers, 11.
[20] Girard, Violence and the Sacred; Giraldo Ramírez, El rastro de Caín; Jacoby,Bloodlust; Esposito, Terms of the Political, 123–34. As Bill Kissane notes, the term for civil war in modern Hebrew approximates to “war between brothers.”Kissane, Nations Torn Asunder, 7.
[21] Osgood, Caesar’s Legacy, 3, citing Brunt, Italian Manpower, 225 b.c.—a.d. 14,509 –12.
[22] Braddick, God’s Fury, England’s Fire, xii.
[23] Faust,“Numbers on Top of Numbers,”997; Faust, This Republic of Suffering,xi. Neely, Civil War and the Limits of Destruction, 208–16. 此篇文章批判了这个数据，但是Hacker在其文章“Census-Based Count of the Civil War Dead”中将死亡数据修改成620 000—750 000，较有说服力。
[24] Kloppenberg, Toward Democracy, 21– 60.
[25] Clarendon, The History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England, Begun in the Year 1641.
[26] Schmitt, Ex Captivitate Salus, 56 (“Der Bürgerkrieg hat etwas besonders Grausames. Er ist ein Bruderkrieg, weil er innerhalb einer gemeinsamen…politischen Einheit … geführt wird, und weil beide kämpfenden Seiten diese gemeinsame Einheit gleichzeitig absolut behaupten und absolut verneinen”).
[27] U.S. Department of War, War of the Rebellion.
[28] Gingrich, quoted in Stauffer, “Civility, Civil Society, and Civil Wars,” 88.
[29] “Pour Valls, le FN peut conduire à la‘ guerre civile,’” Le Monde, Dec. 11, 2015: “Il y a deux options pour notre pays. Il y a une option qui est celle de l’extrême droite qui, au fond, prône la pision. Cette pision peut conduire à la guerre civile et il y a une autre vision qui est celle de la République et des valeurs, qui est le rassemblement.”
[30] Brass, Theft of an Idol, 3–20; Kalyvas, “Ontology of ‘Political Violence’”;Kalyvas, “Promises and Pitfalls of an Emerging Research Program”; Kissane and Sitter, “Ideas in Conflict.”
[31] Kaldor, New and Old Wars; Kalyvas, “‘New’ and ‘Old’ Civil Wars”;Münkler, New Wars.
[32] Geuss, “Nietzsche and Genealogy”; Bevir, “What Is Genealogy?”
[33] Skinner, “Genealogy of the Modern State,” 325.
[34] Nietzsche, On the Genealogy of Morality, 51.
[35] Ibid., 53 (my emphasis).
[36] Gallie, “Essentially Contested Concepts”; Collier, Hidalgo, and Maciuceanu,“Essentially Contested Concepts.”
[37] Gallie, preface to Philosophy and the Historical Understanding, 8–9.
[38] Kalyvas, “Civil Wars,” 417.
[39] For helpful overviews, see Sambanis, “Review of Recent Advances and Future Directions in the Literature on Civil War”; Collier and Sambanis,Understanding Civil War; Blattman and Miguel, “Civil War.”
[40] Uppsala Conflict Data Program (1948—present), http://www.pcr.uu.se/research/UCDP/.
[41] The Correlates of War Project, http://www.correlatesofwar.org/; Small and Singer, Resort to Arms; Gleditsch, “Revised List of Wars Between and Within Independent States, 1816—2002”; Sarkees and Wayman, Resort to War; Reiter,Stam, and Horowitz, “Revised Look at Interstate Wars, 1816—2007.”
[42] Dixon, “What Causes Civil Wars?,” 730; Lounsberry and Pearson, Civil Wars,viii; Newman, Understanding Civil Wars.
[43] Though for a recent exception, spanning the centuries from ancient Rome to Afghanistan, see Armitage et al., “AHR Roundtable: Ending Civil Wars.”
[44] Guldi and Armitage, History Manifesto; Armitage et al., “La longue durée en débat.”
[45] Armitage, “What’s the Big Idea?”; Mc Mahon, “Return of the History of Ideas?”; Mc Mahon, Divine Fury, xiii.
[46] Mc Mahon, Happiness; Mc Mahon, Divine Fury; Forst, Toleration in Conflict; Rosenfeld, Common Sense; Fitzmaurice, Sovereignty, Property, and Empire,1500—2000; Kloppenberg, Toward Democracy.
[47] Fitzmaurice, Sovereignty, Property, and Empire, 1500—2000, 20; Dubos, Le mal extrême.
[48] De Rouen and Heo, Civil Wars of the World. 这是一个更易于把握的主题概要。
[49] Manicas, “War, Stasis, and Greek Political Thought”; Berent, “Stasis, or the Greek Invention of Politics.”
[50] Gardet, “Fitna”; As-Sirri, Religiös-politische Argumentation im fruhen Islam(610—685); Ayalon, “From Fitna to Thawra”; Martinez-Gross and Tixier du Mesnil, eds., “La fitna:Le désordre politique dans l’Islam médiéval.”
[51] Similar terms for “internal war” are found in Finnish, Persian, and Turkish.Kissane, Nations Torn Asunder, 39.
[52] Armitage, “Every Great Revolution Is a Civil War.”
[53] Armitage, “Cosmopolitanism and Civil War.”
<h4>第一章 发明内战 罗马传统</h4>
[1] Loraux, Divided City, trans. Pache and Fort, 108.
[2] Nicolet, Demokratia et aristokratia; Wiedemann, “Reflections of Roman Political Thought in Latin Historical Writing,” 519.
[3] “Aemulumque Thucydidis Sallustium”: Velleius Paterculus, Historiae 2.36.2;Scanlon, Influence of Thucydides on Sallust; Pelling,“ ‘Learning from That Violent Schoolmaster.’ ”
[4] Botteri, “Stási.”
[5] Clavadetscher-Thürlemann, ΠΟΛΕΜΟΣΔΙΚΑΙΣ und bellum iustum, 178–83;Wynn, Augustine on War and Military Service, 128–31.
[6] Rosenberger, Bella et expeditiones.
[7] Keenan, Wars Without End, 32.
[8] Jal, La guerre civile à Rom, 19–21; Urbainczyk, Slave Revolts in Antiquity,100 –115; Schiavone, Spartacus.
[9] Robert Brown, “The Terms Bellum Sociale and Bellum Civile in the Late Republic,” 103.
[10] 对罗马civitas的理解，详见Ando, Roman Social Imaginaries, 7–14。
[11] harvey, Rebel Cities; Hazan, History of the Barricade.
[12] Brett, Changes of State.
[13] Plato, Republic 462a—b, in Collected Dialogues, 701 (translation adapted).
[14] Gehrke, Stasis.
[15] Price, Thucydides and Internal War, 30–32.
[16] Plato, Republic 470b—c, in Collected Dialogues, 709.
[17] Plato, Laws 628b, 629d, in Collected Dialogues, 1229 (translation adapted),1231; Price, Thucydides and Internal War, 67–70.
[18] Stouratis, “Byzantine War Against Christians”; Kyriakidis, “Idea of Civil War in Thirteenth- and Fourteenth-Century Byzantium.”
[19] Panourgía, Dangerous Citizens, 81– 86.
[20] Loraux, “Oikeios polemos.”
[21] Plato, Republic 471e, in Collected Dialogues, 710.
[22] Thucydides, Eight Bookes of the Peloponnesian Warre 3.81– 83, trans. Hobbes,187–90. 对“党争”的描述后面紧接的那部分，现在普遍认为是后补插叙。Fuks, “Thucydides and the Stasis in Corcyra”。
[23] 霍布斯是第一位将修昔底德的著作从希腊文翻译成英文者；而更早期的英文版 The Hystory Writtone by Thucidides the Athenyan of the Warre, Whiche Was Betwene the Peloponesians and the Athenyans, 是由Nicolls从Claude de Seysell的法文译著所翻译的。同样，避免了使用civil war这个词，替代的是civile dissention，cyvill seditions和cyvill battailles等词。17世纪20年代霍布斯进行翻译时的政治语境——完全不同于17世纪40年代的内战时期——参见Hoekstra, “Hobbes’s Thucydides,” 551–57; 现代对修昔底德的普遍理解，参见Harloe and Morley, eds., Thucydides and the Modern World。
[24] 修昔底德与现代医学，参见Price, Thucydides and Internal War, 14 –18, 以及他对“党争”与雅典瘟疫的叙述分析 (2.47–58), 参见Orwin, “Stasis and Plague”。
[25] Thucydides, Eight Bookes of the Peloponnesian Warre, trans. Hobbes, 198, 199(i.e., pp. 188, 189). 有关“党争”的语言历史，参见Loraux, “Thucydide et la sédition dans les mots”。
[26] Thucydides, War of the Peloponnesians and the Athenians 3.74, trans. Mynott,208.
[27] 我非常感谢Richard Thomas强调了关于内战的空间维度这一重要观点，来与“党争”对比。
[28] Thomas De Quincey, “[‘Greece Under the Romans,’ draft]” ( Jan.–March 1844), in Works of Thomas De Quincey, 15:539 (foot-note). 感谢Jennifer Pitts在我写作这个段落时给我的提醒。
[29] Thucydides, War of the Peloponnesians and the Athenians, trans. Mynott, 212n1.
[30] Thucydides, Eight Bookes of the Peloponnesian Warre, trans. Hobbes, 198 (i.e.,188).
[31] Loraux, Divided City, 107– 8, 197–213; Ando, Law, Language, and Empire in the Roman Tradition, 3 – 4.
[32] Thucydides, War of the Peloponnesians and the Athenians 4.64, trans. Mynott,273; Loraux, “Oikeios polemos.”
[33] Brunt, Social Conflicts in the Roman Republi; Lintott, Violence in Republican Rome.
[34] 关于tumults和civil war的区别，参见Jal, “‘Tumultus’ et ‘bellum ciuile’ dans les Philippiques de Cicéron”; Grangé, “Tumultus et tumulto”。
[35] Livy, History of Rome 1.7, in Rise of Rome, trans. Luce, 10–11; Wiseman,Remus.
[36] Lucan, Bellum civile 1.95, in Civil War, trans. Braund, 5; also quoted in Augustine, City of God Against the Pagans 15.5, ed. and trans. Dyson, 640.
[37] Beard, SPQR, 73–74.
[38] res publica的含义，参见Lind, “Idea of the Republic and the Foundations of Roman Political Liberty”。
[39] Livy, History of Rome 2.1, in Rise of Rome, 71; Arena, Libertas and the Practice of Politics in the Late Roman Republic.
[40] Raaflaub, Social Struggles in Archaic Rome.
[41] 参见，例如Draper, Dictatorship of the Proletariat, 11–27 (on “dictatorship”);Lekas, Marx on Classical Antiquity; Bonnell, “‘A Very Valuable Book’: Karl Marx and Appian”。马克思对罗马内部冲突语言的使用值得进一步研究。
[42] Plutarch, “Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus,” in Roman Lives, trans. Waterfield,98–99, 113–14.
[43] Appian, Civil Wars 1.1–2, trans. Carter, 1; Price, “Thucydidean Stasis and the Roman Empire in Appian’s Interpretation of History.”
[44] Ibid. 1.1–2, trans. Carter, 1–2 (translation amended).
[45] Jal, “‘Hostis (Publicus)’ dans la littérature latine de la fin de la République.”
[46] Flower, “Rome’s First Civil War and the Fragility of Republican Culture,” 75 –78.
[47] Sherwin-White, Roman Citizenship, 40, 264 – 67.
[48] Keaveney, Sulla, 45–50; Seager, “Sulla.”
[49] Raaflaub, “Caesar the Liberator?”
[50] Appian, Civil Wars 1.59 – 60, trans. Carter, 32–33.
[51] Ibid. 1.1, 1.55, trans. Carter,I,30.
<h4>第二章 回忆内战 罗马愿景</h4>
[1] 至少根据哲学家Seneca the Elder所保存下来的文本中的话: “Optima civilis belli defensio oblivio est.” Seneca, Controversiae 10.3.5, quoted in Gowing,Empire and Memory, 82. 近来历史学家Josiah Osgood建议就罗马而言，“最好的防御就是渐渐忘记”。Osgood, “Ending Civil War at Rome,” 1689. 更多请参见Flower, Art of Forgetting。
[2] Caesar, Civil War 2.29, 3.1, ed. and trans. Damon, 166, 192; Francis W. Kelsey, “Title of Caesar’s Work on the Gallic and Civil Wars,” 230; Batstone and Damon, Caesar’s “Civil War,” 8–9, 31–32; Brown, “The Terms Bellum Sociale and Bellum Civile in the Late Republic,” 113 –18.
[3] Caesar, Civil War 1.22, ed. and trans. Damon, 35; Raaflaub, Dignitatis contentio.
[4] 近期关于恺撒渡过卢比孔河的著作，参见Wyke, Caesar, 66 – 89, 263 – 66。
[5] Appian, Civil Wars 2.35, trans. Carter, 88; Plutarch, Caesar 32, in Roman Lives, trans.Waterfield, 328–39. 这句名言通常都引用自Suetonius的拉丁语原文: “Iacta alea est.” Suetonius, The Deified Julius32, in Suetonius, trans. Rolfe, 1:76.
[6] Suetonius, Deified Julius 31–32, in Suetonius, trans. Rolfe, 1:74 –77; Lucan,Bellum civile (1.190 –92, 225 –27), in Civil War, trans. Braund, 8, 9.
[7] heuzé, “Comment peindre le passage du Rubicon?”
[8] Caesar, Civil War 1.8, ed. and trans. Damon, 15.
[9] Bonaparte, Précis des guerres de Jules César, 97–98 (“En passant le Rubicon,César avait déclaré la guerre civile et bravé les anathèmes prononcés contre les généraux qui passeraient en armes le Rubicon: ils étaient voués aux dieux infernaux”); Poignault, “Napoleon Ier et Napoleon III lecteurs de Jules César,”329 –36.
[10] Brown, “Terms Bellum Sociale and Bellum Civile in the Late Re public,” 104.
[11] Cicero, De imperio Cn. Pompei 28, in Political Speeches, trans. Berry, 119 (myemphasis).
[12] Seager, Pompey the Great, 25 –36, 43 – 48.
[13] Lucan, Bellum civile 1.12, in Civil War, trans. Braund, 3; Schmitt, Glossarium,32 (“Im Bürgerkrieg gibt es keinen Triumph”); Beard, Roman Triumph,123 –24, 303– 4.
[14] Valerius Maximus, Memorable Deeds and Sayings 2.8.7, quoted in Lange,“Triumph and Civil War in the Late Republic,” 69 –70.
[15] Östenberg, “Veni Vidi Vici and Caesar’s Triumph,” 823.
[16] Lange, “Triumph and Civil War in the Late Republic,” 74, 76 –78, 82–84. 更多参见Lange, Triumphs in the Age of Civil War。
[17] Cicero, De officiis1.85–86 (“apud Atheniensis magnae discordiae, in nostra re publica non solum seditiones sed etiam pestifera bella civilia”), in On Duties,86–87, quoting Plato, Republic 420b (translation adapted).
[18] horace, Odes 2.1, in Complete Odes and Epodes, trans. West, 56; Mendell, “Epic of Asinius Pollio”; Henderson, Fighting for Rome, 108 –59.
[19] Tacitus, Annals 1.3, quoted in Harriet I. Flower, Roman Republics (Princeton,N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2010), 154 (“etiam senes plerique inter belli civilia nati: quotus quisque reliquus qui rem publicam vidisset”); Keitel,“Principate and Civil War in the Annals of Tacitus.”
[20] Gowing, “ ‘Caesar Grabs My Pen,’ ” 250.
[21] Masters, Poetry and Civil War in Lucan’s “Bellum Civile.”
[22] 关于卢坎的历史，参见Asso, ed., Brill’s Companion to Lucan书中相关章节。
[23] Lucan, In Cath Catharda; Meyer, “Middle-Irish Version of the Pharsalia of Lucan.”
[24] Rómverja Saga, ed. Helgadóttir.
[25] Dante, Convivio 4.28.13 (“quello grande poeta Lucano”); Geoffrey Chaucer,The House of Fame 3.1499, quoted in Susanna Braund, introduction to Lucan,ed. Tesoriero, Muecke, and Neal, 2– 4.
[26] Lucan, M. Annaei Lvcani Pharsalia; Grotius (“poeta phileleutheros”), quoted in Conte, Latin Literature, trans. Solodow, 451.
[27] Petronius, Satyricon 118, in Satyricon, trans. Sullivan, 109 (“ingens opus”),109–22 (Eumolpus’s poem); Virgil, Aeneid 7.45 (“maius opus”).
[28] “But,” Gibbon continued, “of what avail is tardy knowledge? Where error is irretrievable, repentance is useless.” Note from winter 1790—91, in Gibbon,History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, British Library shelf mark C.60.m.1; Bowersock, “Gibbon on Civil War and Rebellion in the Decline of the Roman Empire.”
[29] Lucan, Bellum civile 1.223 –24, in Civil War, trans. Braund, 27.
[30] Florus, Epitome 1.intro., 1.47.14, 2.3.18, 2.8.20, 2.13.4 –5, in Epitome of Roman History, trans. Foster, 5–7, 217, 233, 241, 267 (translations adapted).
[31] henderson, Fighting for Rome, pts. 1, 4; Breed, Damon, and Rossi, Citizens of Discord.
[32] “Trina bella civilia, plura externa, ac plerumque permixta.” Tacitus, Histories 1.2,in Histories, Books I–III, trans. Moore, 5 (translation adapted).
[33] Florus, Epitome 2.13, in Epitome of Roman History, trans. Foster, 267(translation adapted).
[34] Lucan, Bellum civile 1.1–8, in Civil War, trans. Braund, 3.
[35] Núñez González, “On the Meaning of Bella Plus Quam Ciuilia (Lucan 1, 1).”
[36] Lucan, Bellum civile 1.682, in Civil War, trans. Braund, 21; Waller to Sir Ralph Hopton, June 16, 1643 (O.S.), in Coate, Cornwall in the Great Civil War and Interregnum, 1642—1660, 77.
[37] Woodman, “Poems to Historians.”
[38] Augustine, City of God Against the Pagans 3.6, 15.5, ed. and trans. Dyson, 99,639 – 40.
[39] horace, Epodes 7, in Complete Odes and Epodes, trans. West, 11.
[40] Wiseman, Remus, 143.
[41] horace, Epodes 16, in Complete Odes and Epodes, trans. West, 18.
[42] Sallust, The War with Catiline 16.4, in Sallust, trans. Rolfe, 17, 19, 27–28(“civile bellum exoptabant”) (translation adapted).
[43] Sallust, fragments from Histories, bk. 1, frags. 8, 10, 12, in Fragments of the Histories, trans. Ramsey, 8 –13.
[44] Varro, Di vita populi Romani, frag. 114, quoted in Wiseman, “Two-Headed State,” 26; see also Florus, Epitome 2.5.3, in Epitome of Roman History,trans. Foster, 228 (“iudiciaria lege Gracchi piserant populum Romanum et bicipitem ex una fecerant civitatem”).
[45] Tacitus, Histories 2.38, in Tacitus, Histories, Books I–III, trans. Moore, 223(“temptamenta civilium bellorum”).
[46] Cicero, De officiis1.86, in Cicero, On Duties, 86 – 87.
[47] Tacitus, Histories 1.50, in Histories, Books I–III, trans. Moore, 85 (“repetita bellorum civilium memoria”) (translation adapted).
[48] Braund, “Tale of Two Cities”; Mc Nelis, Statius’ Thebaid and the Poetics of Civil War.
[49] Brown, Augustine of Hippo, 23 –25.
[50] Augustine, City of God Against the Pagans, 15.5, 2.19, 2.22, 2.25, 3.25, ed.Dyson, 640, 73, 81, 87, 134.
[51] Ibid., 3.23 (“illa mala… quae quanto interiora, tanto miseriora…discordiae civiles vel potius incivilies …; bella socialia, bella servilia, bella civilia quantum Romanum cruorem fuderunt, quantam Italiae vastationem desertionemque fecerunt!”), 3.28, 3.30, ed. Dyson, 132 (translation adapted), 137, 139.
[52] Rohrbacher, Historians of Late Antiquity, 135– 49.
[53] Orosius, Seven Books of History Against the Pagans 2.18.1, 5.22.6, 8, trans.Fear, 105, 253.
[54] Ibid., 23–24.
[55] Augustine, City of God Against the Pagans 19.7, ed. Dyson, 929.
[56] Appian, Civil Wars 1.6, trans. Carter, 4; Appian, Auncient Historie and Exquisite Chronicle of the Romane Warres, title page.
<h4>第三章 非内部的内战 17世纪</h4>
[1] hobbes, On the Citizen, ed. Tuck and Silverthorne, 4.
[2] 关于莎士比亚对人道主义的观点，参见Armitage, Condren, and Fitzmaurice,Shakespeare and Early Modern Political Thought; Skinner, Forensic Shakespeare。
[3] Burke, “Survey of the Popularity of Ancient Historians, 1450—1700.”
[4] Jensen, “Reading Florus in Early Modern England”; Jensen, Reading the Roman Republic in Early Modern England, 56–73.
[5] Schuhmann, “Hobbes’s Concept of History,” 3– 4; Hobbes, Behemoth; or, The Long Parliament, 52.
[6] Grafton, What Was History?, 194 – 95; see Wheare, Method and Order of Reading Both Civil and Ecclesiastical Histories, trans. Bohun, 77–78, on “thebody of the Roman History … the Picture of which in Little is most Artfully drawn by our L. Annaeus Florus.”
[7] Statutes of the University of Oxford Codified in the Year 1636 Under the Authority of Archbishop Laud, 37.
[8] Eutropius, Eutropii historiæ romanæ breviarum; Phillipson, Adam Smith, 18,plates 2–3.
[9] Mac Cormack, On the Wings of Time, 15, 72, 76.
[10] Garcilaso de la Vega, Historia general del Peru trata el descubrimiento del; y como lo ganaron los Españoles.
[11] Montaigne, Essays Written in French by Michael Lord of Montaigne, trans.Florio, 547.
[12] hadfield, Shakespeare and Republicanism, 103–29, has called this tetralogy“Shakespeare’s Pharsalia.”
[13] Bentley, Shakespeare and Jonson, 1:112; Donaldson, “Talking with Ghosts:Ben Jonson and the English Civil War.”
[14] Shakespeare’s Appian; Logan, “Daniel’s Civil Wars and Lucan’s Pharsalia”;Logan, “Lucan-Daniel-Shakespeare.”
[15] Daniel, The First Fowre Bookes of the Civile Wars Between the Two Houses of Lancaster and Yorke, sig. B[i]r.
[16] Norbrook, Writing the English Republic, 24.
[17] Shapiro, “ ‘Metre Meete to Furnish Lucans Style’ ”; Gibson, “Civil War in 1614”; Norbrook, “Lucan, Thomas May, and the Creation of a Republican Literary Culture”; Norbrook, Writing the English Republic, 43–50.
[18] May, History of the Parliament of England Which Began November the Third,MDCXL, sig. A3v; Pocock, “Thomas May and the Narrative of Civil War.”
[19] Milton, Paradise Lost; Hale, “Paradise Lost”; Norbrook, Writing the English Republic, 438 – 67, 443.
[20] Mc Dowell, “Towards a Poetics of Civil War,” 344.
[21] Filmer, Patriarcha, title page, quoting Lucan, Bellum civile 3.145 – 46 (“Libertas…Populi, quem regna coercent / Libertate perit”); Hobbes, Behemoth: The History of the Causes of the Civil-Wars of England, title page, adapting Lucan,Bellum civile 1.1–2 (“Bella per Angliacos plusquam civilia campos, / Jusque datum sceleri loquiumur”); Hobbes, Behemoth; or, The Long Parliament, 90,92.
[22] Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Extrait du projet de paix perpétuelle de monsieur l’abbé de Saint-Pierre, title page (quoting Lucan, Bellum civile 4.4–5); Rousseau, Discourse on the Origin and Foundations of Inequality Among Men, in Discourses and Other Early Political Writings, trans. Gourevitch, 185 (quoting Lucan, Bellum civile 1.376 –78).
[23] Lucan, Pharsale de M. A. Lucain, trans. Chasles and Greslou, 1:xvii (quoting Lucan, Bellum civile 4.579).
[24] 参见，例如Mason, ed., The Darnton Debate。
[25] “Intestinae Simultates,” in Whitney, Choice of Emblemes and Other Devises, 7.
[26] Seaward, “Clarendon, Tacitism, and the Civil Wars of Europe.”
[27] Grotius, De Rebus Belgicis, 1.
[28] Corbet, Historicall Relation of the Military Government of Gloucester, sig. A2v.
[29] Biondi, “Civill Warrs of England,” trans. Henry, Earl of Monmouth; Biondi, History of the Civill Warres of England, Betweene the Two Houses of Lancaster and Yorke, trans. Henry, Earl of Monmouth; Davila, Historie of the Civill Warres of France, trans. Cotterell and Aylesbury; Adams, Discourses on Davila.
[30] Guarini, Il Pastor Fido, trans. Fanshawe, 303 –12.
[31] Sandoval, Civil Wars of Spain in the Beginning of the Reign of Charls the 5t,Emperor of Germanie and King.
[32] Samuel Kem, The Messengers Preparation for an Address to the King (1644),quoted in Donagan, War in England, 1642—1649, 132; compare Robert Doughty, “Charge to the Tax Commissioners of South Erpingham, North Erpingham, North Greenhoe, and Hold Hundreds” (Feb. 1664), in Notebook of Robert Doughty, 1662—1665, 123: “our late uncivil civil wars.”
[33] Davila, History of the Civil Wars of France, trans. Cotterell and Aylesbury, sig.A2r.
[34] Dugdale, Short View of the Late Troubles in England. Compare also Adamson,“Baronial Context of the English Civil War,”更多详情参见Adamson, Noble Revolt。
[35] Larrère, “Grotius et la distinction entre guerre privé et guerre publique.”
[36] Grotius, Commentary on the Law of Prize and Booty, 50 (“aut civile in partemeiusdem reipublicae: aut externum, in alius, cuius species est quod sociali dicitur”). 格劳秀斯关于罗马法的叙述，参见Straumann, Roman Law in the State of Nature。
[37] Grotius, Commentary on the Law of Prize and Booty, 80 (“bella Christianorumesse civilia, quasi vero totius Christianus Orbis una sit republica”), referring to Vázquez de Menchaca, Controversiarum illustrium…libri tres.
[38] Grotius, Rights of War and Peace 1.3.1, 1:240.
[39] Ibid., 1.4.19.1, 1:381, quoting Plutarch’s Life of Brutus and Cicero’s Second Philippic.
[40] Rousseau, The Social Contract (1762), in Social Contract and Other Later Political Writings, 42– 43, 44 – 45.
[41] hobbes, Leviathan, 3:850.
[42] Thomas Hobbes, De Corpore 1.7, in Elements of Law, Natural and Politic, 190(“causa igitur belli civilis est, quod bellorum ac pacis causa ignoratur”), 191.
[43] hobbes, On the Citizen 1.12, 29 –30.
[44] Ibid., 11–12.
[45] hobbes to Cavendish, July 1645, in Hobbes, Correspondence,1:120.
[46] hobbes, On the Citizen, 82, 124 (“et bellum civile nascitur”), 149.
[47] Ibid., 15.
[48] 背景介绍，特别参见Kelsey, “Ordinance for the Trial of Charles I”; Kelsey,“Trial of Charles I”; Holmes, “Trial and Execution of Charles I”。
[49] Donagan, War in England, 1642—1649, 130.
[50] Orr, “Juristic Foundation of Regicide.”
[51] “An Act of the Commons of England Assembled in Parliament for Erecting a High Court of Justice, for the Trying and Judging of Charles Stuart, King of England” ( Jan. 6, 1649), in Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum,1642—1660, ed. Firth and Rait, 1:1253 –54 (my emphasis). Heath, Chronicle of the Late Intestine War in the Three Kingdomes of England, Scotland, and Ireland, 194 – 95, and “The Act Erecting a High Court of Justice for the King’s Trial” ( Jan. 6, 1649), in Gardiner, Constitutional Documents of the Puritan Revolution, 1625—1660, 357, have “civil war” in place of “cruel War,” but this is not attested in, for example, “An Ordinance of the Commons in England in Parliament Assembled with a List of the Commissioners & Officers of the Said Court by Them Elected” ( Jan. 3, 1649), British Library E.536(35), fol. 1r, or in[ John Nalson], A True Copy of the Journal of the High Court of Justice, for the Tryal of K. Charles I, 2.
[52] Journals of the House of Commons, 6:107, 111, quoted in Orr, Treason and the State, 173.
[53] Bauman, Crimen Maiestatis in the Roman Republic and Augustan Principate,271–77; Orr, Treason and the State, 12, 44 – 45 (referring to 25 Edward III, st. 5,c. 3); Digest 48.4.3.
[54] hobbes, Leviathan, 2:192.
[55] Ibid., 2:256, 274, 278, 282.
[56] hobbes, “Questions Relative to Hereditary Right” (1679), in Writings on Common Law and Hereditary Right, 177– 78.
[57] Locke, Two Treatises of Government, 137 (“The Preface”).
[58] Woolhouse, Locke, 11.
[59] 例如Harrison and Laslett, Library of John Locke, items 2, 561– 62, 927,1146 – 48, 1818 –19, 2792b, 3060。
[60] Locke, Two Treatises of Government, 278 (2nd Treatise, § 16).
[61] Ibid., 416 –17 (2nd Treatise, §§ 227, 228).
[62] Locke, “On Allegiance and the Revolution” (ca. April 1690), in Political Essays, 307.
[63] Pocock, “Fourth English Civil War,” 153, 159.
[64] Sidney, Discourses Concerning Government, 198, 187– 89.
[65] Ibid., 193, 196 – 99.
[66] Sidney, Court Maxims, 20.
[67] Sidney, Discourses Concerning Government, 121.
[68] Ibid., 198.
[69] Filmer, Patriarcha, 54, 55–56, 57, 58.
[70] Sidney, Discourses Concerning Government, 120.
[71] Ibid., 172.
[72] Montesquieu, Reflections on the Causes of the Rise and Fall of the Roman Empire, 61; Bates, States of War, 160 – 64.
[73] Jouffroy, Mélanges philosophiques par Théodore Jouffroy, 140 (“Les guerresciviles de l’Europe sont finies”).
<h4>第四章 革命时代的内战 18世纪</h4>
[1] Abdul-Ahad, “ ‘Syria Is Not a Revolution Any More.’ ”
[2] Compare Viola, “Rivoluzione e guerra civile,” 24: “In un certo senso la rivoluzione sprovincializza la guerra civile.”
[3] Arendt, On Revolution, 12.
[4] 在Encyclopédie的“战争”这一词条中，同样没有提到Civil war［Guerre］。在Dictionnaire de l’Académie Française (1762)第四版中将Guerre civile,& guerre intestine定义为La guerre qui s’allume entre les peuples d’un mêmeÉtat。参见the ARTFL Project’s“Dictionnaires d’autrefois”。http://artflproject.uchicago.edu /content/dictionnaires-dautrefois.