25.James,p.132.

26.Quoted in Coffin,p.270.

27.Quoted in Newton,p.100.

28.Trilling,p.19.

29.Sass,p.2.

30.See Hsia,Tuan,and Sass.

31.Davis,The Return ofMartin Guerre,p.40.

32.Burton,p.53.

33.Trilling,p.19.

34.Tuan,p.139.

35.Ibid.

36.Klerman and Weissman.See also Baumeister and Leary.

37.Durkheim,Suicide,p.336.

38.Oppenheim,p.7.

39.Quoted in Brann,p.70.

40.Weber,The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism,p.106.

41.Bunyan,Pilgrim's Progress,p.15.

42.Bunyan,Grace Abounding,p.24.

43.Weber,The Protestant Ethic,p.104.

44.Ibid.,p.119.

45.William Buchan,quoted in Jackson,p.37.

46.Bunyan,Grace Abounding,p.14.

47.Quoted in Mazlish,p.68.

48.Quoted in ibid.,p.69.

49.Quoted in Mitzman,p.48.

50.Quoted in ibid.,pp.49-50.

51.Ibid.

52.Durkheim,Suicide,p.154.

53.Hsia,pp.162-65.

54.Quoted in Ozouf,p.15.

55.Quoted in Stallybrass and White,p.182.

56.Ibid.,p.171.

57.Ibid.,p.176.

58.Burton,p.482.

59.Ibid.,p.451.

60.Ibid.,p.89.

61.Quoted in Kinsman,p.291.

62.Browne,p.55.

63.Ibid.,p.16.

64.Ibid.,p.65.

65.Quoted in Malcolmson,p.71.

66.Quoted in Burkert,Ancient Mystery Cults,p.113.

67.Solomon,p.296.

68.Katz,p.54.

69.Crapanzano,pp.4-5.

70."Global Youth,"For di People(Freetown,Sierra Leone),April28,2001.

71.Hecker,p.20.

72.Ibid.,p.31.

73.Lewis,pp.76-77.

74.Nietzsche,p.102.

75.Ibid.,pp.23-24.

第八章

1.Howarth,p.162.

2.Davenport,p.323.

3.Quoted in Harris,p.55.

4.MacDonald,p.58.

5.Comaroff,p.151.

6.Janzen,p.164.

7.Comaroff,p.151.

8.Quoted in The Drums ofWinter(a documentary film by Sarah Elder and Leonard Kamerling),University of Alaska Museum,Fairbanks,Alaska,1988.

9.Kirby,p.60.

10.Stoeltje,"Festival,"in Bauman,p.262.

11.Quoted in Dougherty,p.60.

12.Quoted in ibid.,p.62.

13.Kirby,p.61.

14.Quoted in Frey and Wood,p.25.

15.Quoted in ibid.,p.26.

16.Murphy,p.118.

17.Quoted in Ward,p.211.

18.Comaroff,p.151.

19.Quoted in ibid.

20.Quoted in Oesterley,p.80.

21.Thorsley,p.288.

22.Quoted in ibid.,p.289.

23.MacDonald,p.60.

24.Quoted in Harris,p.24.

25.Quoted in Comaroff and Comaroff,p.101.

26.Quoted in Tom Englehardt,"The Cartography of Death,"Nation271,no.12(October23,2000):25.

27.Quoted in Cocker,p.136.

28.Englehardt.

29.Cocker,p.6.

30.Raboteau,pp.214-15.

31.Quoted in MacRobert,p.16.

32.Voeks,p.156;Fenn.

33.Hiney,pp.212-13.

34."Most missionaries considered the colonial administration as allies in the essential task of destroying existing[native]structures."Kirby,p.61.

35.MacDonald,p.57.

36.Comaroff,p.151.

37.Quoted in Ward,p.210.

38.Quoted in Fenn,p.127.

39.Quoted in ibid.,p.138.

40.A major source on Trinidadian carnival,which I rely on extensively here,is John Cowley's Carnival,Canboulay and Calypso:Traditions in the Making.

41.Quoted in ibid.,pp.20-21.

42.Ibid.,p.22.

43.Ibid.,p.21.

44.Quoted in ibid.,p.27.

45.Chasteen.

46.Quoted in Cowley,p.69.

47.Quoted in ibid.,p.73.

48.Campbell,p.14.

49.Fenn,pp.141,135.

50.Quoted in Cowley,p.13.

51.Bettelheim.

52.Quoted in Fenn,p.141.

53.Cowley,pp.102-4.

54.Quoted in Olmos and Paravisini-Gebert,introduction,p.7.

55.Métraux,p.89.

56.Joan Dayan,"Vodoun,or the Voice of the Gods,"in Olmos and Paravisini-Gebert,p.19.

57.Raboteau,p.64;Simpson,p.17.

58.Voeks,p.38.

59.Omari,p.148.

60.Quoted in Murphy,p.47.

61.Ibid.;Laguerre,p.14.

62.Laguerre,p.14.

63.Ibid.,pp.63-64.

64.Ward,p.223.

65.Lanternari,p.143.

66.Ibid.,p.153.

67.Ibid.,p.251.

68.Ibid.,p.252.

69.See Karen E.Fields,Revival and Rebellion in Colonial Central Africa,for an excellent discussion of the anthropological aversion to the"irrational."

70.Ibid.,p.21.

71.Lanternari,p.315.

72.Wilson,p.19.

73.Quoted in Mazlish,p.90.

74.Quoted in Ozouf,p.282.

75.Quoted in Walzer,pp.313-14.

76.Ibid.,p.310.

77.Ward,p.202.

78.Fields,pp.140-41.

79.Campbell,p.7.

80.Laguerre,p.59.

81.Murphy,p.47.

82.Mooney,pp.782-83.

83.Quoted in Juneja,p.91.

84.Quoted in Cowley,p.100.

85.Benítez,p.199.

86.Lewis,p.116.

87.Comaroff,p.233.

88.Howarth,p.124.

89.Ibid.,p.172.

90.Moorehead,pp.83-85.

91.Cocker,p.263.

第九章

1.Shirer,p.15.

2.Toland,p.492.

3.Shirer,p.18.

4.Ibid.,p.16.

5.François-Poncet,p.209.

6.Lindholm,p.156.

7.McNeill,Keeping Together in Time,p.151.

8.S.Alexander Haslam and Stephen D.Reicher,"The Psychology of Tyranny,"Scientific American Mind,October2005:44.

9.Quoted in Laura Flanders,"Come Together!"Common Dreams News Center,April18,2002.

10.Dave Martin,quoted by Kevin Connolly,"Dying with Dignity,"Eye-Comedy,February24,2000.

11.Quoted in Martin and Segrave,p.123.

12.Leslie Epstein,"The Roar of the Crowd,"The American Prospect,May 8,2000,http://www.prospect.org/web/page.ww?section=root&name=ViewPrint&articleId=4408.

13.Le Bon,p.11.

14.Ibid.,p.33.

15.Ibid.,p.xvi.

16.Quoted in Turner and Killian,p.2.

17.Mosse,Masses and Man,p.111.

18.Louis-Sébastien Mercier,quoted in Gutwirth,pp.243-44.

19.Quoted in Ozouf,p.22.

20.Quoted in Blum,p.212.

21.Ozouf,pp.3.

22.Hibbert,p.182.

23.Quoted in Gutwirth,p.308.

24.Ozouf,p.29.

25.Quoted in ibid.,p.229.

26.Gutwirth,p.308.

27.Quoted in Hibbert,p.110.

28.Carlyle,p.360.

29.Michelet,p.445.

30.Ibid.,p.448.

31.Ozouf,p.111.

32.McNeill,Keeping Together in Time,p.134.

33.Ozouf,p.6.

34.Myerly,p.142.

35.Ibid.,p.139.

36.Ibid.,p.39.

37.Quoted in ibid.,pp.140-41.

38.Quoted in ibid.,p.140.

39.Quoted in ibid.,p.142.

40.Quoted in ibid.,p.161.

41.Le Bon,p.112.

42.Ibid.,p.114.

43.Ibid.,p.117.

44.Ibid.,p.113.

45.Lindholm,p.111.

46.Quoted in Gentile,p.88.

47.Quoted in Michael Golston,“'Im Anfang War der Rhythmus':Rhythmic Incubations in Discourses of Mind,Body,and Race from 1850-1944,"SEHR,vol.5,supplement:Cultural and Technological Incubations of Fascism,1996.

48.Kremer.

49.Burleigh,pp.262-63.

50.Quoted in Gentile,p.51.

51.Falasca-Zamponi,p.104.

52.Gentile,pp.90-91.

53.Ibid.,p.91.

54.Quoted in ibid.,p.52.

55.Falasca-Zamponi,p.25.

56.Quoted in Lindholm,p.112.

57.Quoted in Fritzsche,p.221.

58.Toland,p.494.

59.Fritzsche,p.219.

60.Berezin,p.89.

61.Quoted in Gentile,p.88.

62.Quoted in ibid.,p.145.

63.Berezin,p.85.

64.Gentile,p.98.

65.Quoted in Schnapp,p.79.

66.Fritzsche,p.218.

67.Quoted in ibid.,p.220.

68."Nazism Punctured:Nuremberg Rallies Turned Inside Out,"Guardian,November6,2001.

69."ShowingOff for thePartyPeople,"FinancialTimes,November10,2001.

70.Peukert,p.188.

第十章

1.Martin and Segrave,p.8.

2.Miller,p.94.

3.Martin and Segrave,p.134.

4.Ibid.,p.133.

5.Quoted in ibid.,p.136.

6.Ibid.,p.42.

7.Miller,p.152.

8.David Gates,"Requiem for the Dead,"Newsweek,August21,1995.

9.Sennett,p.74.

10.See Meltzoff and Prinz.

11.Pratt,p.140.

12.Van de Velde,p.235.

13.Quoted in Barbara Ehrenreich,Elizabeth Hess,and Gloria Jacobs,Remaking Love:The Feminization of Sex(New York:Anchor Press,1986),p.16.

14.Quoted in Miller,p.148.

15.Bernard Weinraub,"Pioneer of a Beat Is Still Riffing for His Due,"New York Times,February16,2003.

16.Small,p.116.

17.Frey and Wood,p.118.

18.Ibid.,p.145.

19.Quoted in Malone,p.227.

20.Raboteau,p.246.

21.Quoted in Frey and Wood,p.147.

22.Levine,pp.179-80.

23.Ibid.,p.180.

24.Quoted in Malone,p.228.

25.Quoted in ibid.,p.228.

26.Quoted in ibid.,p.234.

27.Ashe,p.278.

28.Martin and Segrave,p.3.

29.Ibid.,pp.48-51.

30.Quoted in ibid.,p.53.

31.Quoted in ibid.,p.49.

32.Miller,p.265.

33.John Skow,"In California,the Dead Live On,"Time,February11,1985.

34.Ben Ehrenreich,"Burying the Dead,"Topic,2003,http://www.webdelsol.com/Topic/articles/04/ehrenreich.html#top.

35.Quoted in Chidester.

36.Woody West,"A Farewell to the Dead,"Washington Times,September11,1995.

37.http://www.logosresourcepages.org/rock.html#bottom.

38.Quoted in McNally,p.387.

第十一章

1.Guttmann,156.

2.Lipksy,p.20.

3.Quoted in Goodman,p.163.

4.http://www.koreainfogate.com/2002worldcup/news.asp?column=97.

5.Lever,p.16.

6.Quoted in Mark Dyreson,"The Emergence of Consumer Culture and the Transformation of Physical Culture:American Sport in the1920s,"in Wiggins,pp.207-24.

7.Robert A.Baade,"Evaluating Subsidies for Professional Sports in the United States and Europe:A Public Sector Primer,"Oxford Review of Economic Policy19,no.4(2003):587-93.

8.Steve Lopez,"Money for Stadiums,But Not for Schools,"Time,June4,1999.

9.Holt,p.36.

10.Rader,p.7.

11.Vincent,pp.28-29.

12.Lever,p.36.

13.Ibid.,p.41.

14.Hobsbawm,"Mass Producing Traditions,"pp.288-89.

15.Ibid.,p.300.

16.Pope,p.328.

17.Norman Chad,"World Cup Soccer Stirs Emotions That Few Americans Can Understand,"Los Angeles Times,June15,1986.

18.Louis Kutcher,"The American Sports Event as Carnival:An Emergent Norm Approach to Crowd Behavior,"Journal of Popular Culture16,no.4(Spring1983):34-41.

19.Morris,p.248.

20.See http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a2_186.html.

21.Bob Harvilla,"Thumping for Tejada,"East Bay Express,May2,2003,p.58.

22.Mark Simon,"A Little Bit of Brazil in Palo Alto,"San Francisco Chronicle,June21,1993.

23.May Colleen,the Airbrush Shoppe,phone interview with the author.

24.Bobbi Weiner,phone interview with the author.

25.http://www.koreainfogate.com/2002worldcup/news.asp?column=97.

26."Soccer Crowds Sing,Sing,Sing for the Homeland Team,"Washington Post,July16,1994.

27.Klaus Hansen,review of Soccer Fan Singing:A FANomenology,by Reinhard Kopiez and Guido Brink,RPM,no.26,Summer1998.

28.Bellos,p.140.

29.Morris,p.258.

30.Quoted in ibid.,p.258.

31.Mark Trumbull,"How'the Wave'Swept the Nation,"Christian Science Monitor,January29,1993.

32.George Vecsey,"Help Stop the Wave,"New York Times,June25,1984.

33."Sports of the Times:Permanent Wave in Motown,"New York Times,October6,1984.

34.Cashmore,p.182.

35.Wann et al.,p.128.

36.Kutcher,p.39.

37.Sheila Moss,http://www.humorcolumnist.com/football.htm.

38.Morris,p.252.

39.Bellos,p.128.

40."It Isn't Just a Game:Clues to Avid Rooting,"New York Times,August11,2000.

41.Harvilla,"Thumping for Tejada."

42.Franz Lidz,"Out of Bounds,"Sports Illustrated,November30,1992.

43.Faludi,pp.205-6.

44.Bellos,p.140.

45.Guttmann,p.145.

46.Faludi,p.204.

47.Quoted in Michael Silver,"Rock'n'Roll Is Here to Play,"Time,May24,1999.

48.Quoted in ibid.

49.Ibid.

50.Damian Dobrosielski and Deepika Reddy,"The Art of Sports,"http://www.collegian.psu/hppt//www.collegian.psu.edu/07-05-94index.aspnews07-05-94index.asp-news.

51.Catherine Applefeld Olson,"Pro Sports Marketing Pitches for Athletic Events,"Billboard,September8,2002.

52.Sean Jensen,"Bring Down the Noise,"Pioneer Press,March20,2002.

53.Tara Rodgers,"Take Me'Out'to the Ballgame:Interventions into the Transformation of the Village People's'YMCA'from Disco Anthem to Ballpark Fun,"Pinknoises.com,http://www.pinknoises.com/ymca.shtml.

54.Stan Savran,"Stadium Music Has Gone to Dogs,"http://www.postgazette.com/sports/columnist/20001022stan.asp.

55.David Jackson,"Passion Fuels Soccer's Biggest Party,"Dallas Morning News,July10,1994.

56.Masakazu Yamazaki,"A Parody of Nationalism:Soccer and the Japanese,"Correspondence[Council on Foreign Relations],Winter2002-3:30.

57.D.S.Eitzen,quoted in Wann et al.,p.197.

58.Faludi,p.211.

59.Jack Boulware,"Plush Rush,"American Way,September1,1997,p.51.

结论

1.Métraux,p.9.

2.Duvignaud,p.16.

3.Paul Halmos,"The Decline of the Choral Dance,"in Josephson and Josephson,pp.172-79.

4.Debord,paragraph154.

5.Ibid.,paragraph20.

6.Quoted in Roth,p.38.

7.Christopher Dickey,"Iran's Soccer Diplomacy,"Newsweek,April27,1998.

8.Nicholas Rogers,p.126.

9."Party Time for the Protesters,"Seattle Post-Intelligencer,December4,1999.