[6] Mulhall, op. cit., Post Office.
[7] Mulhall, ibid.
[8] P. A. Khromov, Ekonomicheskoe Razvilie Rossii v XlX-XX Vekakh (1950), Table 19, p. 482—3. But the amount of sales increased much faster. cf. also J. Blum, Lord and Peasant in Russia, p. 287.
[9] R. E. Cameron, op. cit., p. 347.
[10] Quoted in S. Giedion, Mechanisation Takes Command (1948), p. 152.
[11] R. E. Cameron, op. cit., p. 115 ff.
[12] R. E. Cameron, op. cit., p. 347; W. Hoffmann, The Growth of Industrial Economies (1958), p. 71.
[13] W. Hoffmann, op. cit., p. 48; Mulhall, op. cit., p. 377.
[14] J. Purs, The Industrial Revolution in the Czech Lands(Historica, II (1960), pp. 199—200).
[15] R. E. Cameron, op. cit., p. 347; Mulhall, op. cit., p. 377.
[16] H. Kisch, The Textile Industries in Silesia and the Rhineland, Journal of Economic History, XIX, December 1959.
[17] O. Fischel and M. V. Boehn, Die Mode, 1818—1842 (Munich 1924), p. 136.
[18] R. E. Cameron, op. cit., pp. 79, 85.
[19] The locus classicus of this discussion is G. Lefebvre, La révolution francaise et les paysans (1932), reprinted in Etudes sur la révolution francaise (1954).
[20] G. Mori, Osservazioni sul liberoscambismo dei moderati nel Risorgimento, Riv. Storic del Socialismo, III, 1960, p. 8.
[21] C. Issawi, Egypt since 1800, Journal of Economic History. March 1961, XXI, p. 1.
<h4>第十章 向才干之士敞开进身之路</h4>
[1] F. Engels, Condition of the Working Class in England, Chapter XII.
[2] M. Capefigue, Histoires des Grandes Operations Financières, IV (1860), p.255.
[3] M. Capefigue, loc. cit.,pp. 254,248—9.
[4] A. Beauvilliers, L’Art da Cuisinier, (Paris 1814).
[6] A. Briggs, Middle Class Consciousness in English Politics 1780—1846, Past and Present, 9, April 1956, p. 68.
[7] Donald Read, Press and People 1790—1850 (1961), p. 26.
[8] S. Smiles, Life of George Stephenson (1881 ed.), p. 183.
[9] Charles Dickens, Hard Times.
[10] Léon Faucher, Etudes sur l’Angleterre, I (1842), p. 322.
[11] M. J. Lambert-Dansette, Quelgues families du patronat textile de Lille-Armentières (Lille 1954), p. 659.
[12] Oppermann, Geschichte d. Königreichs Hannover, quoted in T. Klein, 1848, Der Vorkampf (1914), p. 71.
[13] G. Schilfert, Sieg u. Niederlage d. demokratischen Wahlrechts in d. deutschen Revolution 1848—9 (1952), pp. 404—5.
[14] Mulhall, op. cit. p. 259.
[15] W. R. Sharp, The French Civil Service (New York 1931), pp. 15—16.
[16] The Census of Great Britain in 1851 (London, Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans 1854), p. 57.
[17] R. Portal, La naissance d’une bourgeoisie industrielle en Russie dans la première moitié du XIX siècle. Bulletin de la Société d’Histoire Moderne, Douzième série, II,1959.
[18] Vienna, Verwaltungsarchiv, Polizeihofstelle, H 136/1834.
[19] A. Girault et L. Milliot, Principes de Colonisation et de Législation Coloniale (1938),p. 359.
[20] Louis Chevalier, Classes Laborieuses et Classes Dangereuses (Paris 1958) III, pt.2 discusses the use of the term ‘barbarians’, both by those hostile and by those friendly to the labouring poor in the 1840s.
[21] D. Simon, Master and Servant in J. Saville ed., Democracy and the Labour Movement(1954).
[22] P. Jaccard, Histoire Sociale du Travail (i960), p. 248.
[23] P. Jaccard, Op. cit., p. 249.
<h4>第十一章 劳动贫民</h4>
[1] The weaver Hauffe, born 1807, quoted in Alexander Schneer, Ueber die Moth der Leinen-Arbeiter in Schle-lesien . . . (Berlin 1844), p. 16.
[2] The theologian P. D. Michele Augusti, Della libertà ed eguaglianza degli uomini nell’ordine naturale e civile (1790), quoted in A. Cherubini, Dottrine e Metodi Assistenziali dal 1789 al 1848 (Milan 1958), p. 17.
[3] E. J. Hobsbawn, The Machine Breakers, Past and Present, I, 1952.
[4] ‘About some Lancashire Lads’ in The Leisure Hour (1881). I owe this reference to Mr A. Jenkin.
[5] ‘die Schnapspest im ersten Drittel des Jahrhunderts’, Handwoerterbuch d Staatswissenschaften (Seconded.) art.‘ Trunksucht’.
[6] L. Chevalier, Classes Laborieuses et Classes Dangereuses, passim.
[7] J. B. Russell, Public Health Administration in Glasgow (1903), p. 3.
[9] E. Neuss, Entstehung u. Entwicklung d.Klasse d. besitzlosen Lohnarbeiter in Halle (Berlin 1958), p. 283.
[10] J. Kuczynski, Geschichte der Lage der Arbeiter (Berlin 1960), Vol. 9, p. 264 ff; Vol. 8 (1960), p. 109 ff.
[11] R. J. Rath, The Habsburgs and the Great Depression in Lombardo-Venetia 1814—18. Journal of Modern History, XIII, p. 311.
[12] M. C. Muehlemann, Les prix des vivres et Ie mouvement de la population dans Ie canton de Berne 1782—1881. IV Congrès International d’Hygiène (1883).
[13] F. J. Neumann, Zur Lehre von d Lohngesetzen, Jb.f.Nat.Oek. 3d ser. IV 1892, p. 374 ff.
[14] R. Scheer, Entwicklung d Annaberger Posamentierindustrie im 19. Jahrhundert.(Leipzig 1909), pp. 27—8, 33.
[15] N. McCord, The Anti-Corn Law League (1958), p. 127.
[16] ‘Par contre, il est sur que la situation alimentaire, à Paris, s’est deteriorée peu à peu avec le XIX siècle, sans doute jusqu’au voisinage des années 50 ou 60.’ R. Philippe in Annales 16, 3, 1961, 567, For analogous calculations for London, cf. E. J. Hobsbawm, The British Standard of Living, Economic History Review, X, 1, 1957. The total per capita meat consumption of France appears to have remained virtually unchanged from 1812 to 1840(Congrés Internationale d’Hygiène Paris 1878 (1880), vol. I, p. 432).
[17] S. Pollard, A History of Labour in Sheffield (i960), pp. 62—3.
[18] H. Ashworth in Journal Stat. Soc. V (1842), p. 74; E. Labrousse, ed. Aspects de la Crise . . . 1846—51 (1956),p. 107.
[19] Statistical Committee appointed by the Anti-Corn Law Conference . . . March 1842 (n.d.), p. 45.
[20] Quoted in A. E. Musson, The Ideology of Early Co-operation in Lancashire and Cheshire; Transactions of the Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian Society, LXVIII, 1958, p. 120.
[21] A. Williams, Folksongs of the Upper Thames (1923), p. 105 prints a similar version rather more class conscious.
[22] A. Briggs, The Language of ‘class’in early nineteenth century England, in A. Briggs and J. Saville ed., Essays in Labour History (1960);E. Labrousse, Le mouvement ouvrier et les Idées sociales, III (Cours de la Sorbonne), pp. 168—9; E. Coornaert, La pensée ouvrière et la conscience de classe en France 1830—48, in Studi in Onore di Gino Luzzato, III (Milan 1950), p. 28; G. D. H. Cole, Attempts at General Union (1953), p. 161.
[23] A. Soboul, Les Sansculottes de Paris en l’an II (1958), p. 660.
[24] S. Pollard, op. cit. pp. 48—9.
[25] Th. Mundt, Der dritte Stand in Deutschland und Preussen . . . (Berlin 1847), p. 4, quoted by J. Kuczynski, Gesch.d.Lage d. Arbeiter 9, p. 169.
[26] Karl Biedermann, Vorlesungcn ueber Socialismus und sociale Fragen (Leipzig 1847), quoted Kuczynski, op. cit., p. 71
[27] M. Tylecote, The Mechanics’ Institutes of Lancashire before 1857(1957), VIII.
[28] Quoted in Revue Historique CCXXI (1959), p. 138.
[30] W. E. Adams, Memoirs of a Social Atom, I, pp. 163—5, (London 1903).
<h4>第十二章 意识形态：宗教</h4>
[1] Civiltà Cattolica II, 122, quoted in L. Dal Pane, il socialismo e le questione sociale nella prima annata della Civiltà Cattolica(Studi Onore di Gino Luzzato), Milan, 1950,p.144
[2] Haxthausen, Studien ueber . . . Russland (1847), I, p. 388.
[3] cf. Antonio Machado’s portrait of the Andalusian gentleman in Poesias Completas (Austral ed.), pp. 152—4:‘ Gran pagano, Se hizo hermano De una santa cofradia’etc.
[4] G. Duveau, Les Instituteurs (1957), pp. 3—4.
[4a] J. S. Trimingham, Islam in West Africa (Oxford 1959), p. 30.
[5] A. Ramos, Las Culturas negras en el mundo nuevo (Mexico 1943), p. 277 ff.
[6] W. F. Wertheim, Indonesian Society in Transition (1956), p. 204.
[7] Census of Great Britain 1851: Religious Worship in England and Wales (London 1854).
[8] Mulhall, Dictionary of Statistics:‘Religion’.
[9] Mary Merryweather, Experience of Factory Life (Third ed. London 1862), p. 18. The reference is to the 1840s.
[10] T. Rees, History of Protestant Nonconformity in Wales (1861).
[11] Marx-Engels, Werke (Berlin 1956), I, p. 378.
[12] Briefwechsel zwischen Fr. Gentz und Adam Müller, Gentz to Müller, 7 October, 1819.
[13] Gentz to Müller, 19 April, 1819.
<h4>第十三章 意识形态：世俗界</h4>
[1] Archives Parlementaires 1787—1860 t. VIII, p. 429. This was the first draft of paragraph 4 of the Declaration of Man and Citizen.
[2] Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen 1798, paragraph 4.
[3] E. Roll, A History of Economic Thought (1948 ed.), p.155
[4] Oeuvres de Condorcet (1804 ed.) XVIII p. 412; (Ce que les citoyens ont le droit d’attendre de leur représentants.) R. R. Palmer, The Age of Democratic Revolution, I, (1959), pp.13—20, argues-unconvincingly-that liberalism was more clearly‘ democratic’ than is here suggested.
[5] cf. C. B. Macpherson, Edmund Burke (Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada,LIII, Sect. II, 1959, pp. 19—26).
[6] Quoted in J. L. Talmon, Political Messianism (1960), p. 323.
[7] Rapport sur le mode d’exécution du décrét du 8 ventôse, an II (Oeuvres Complètes, II,1908, p. 248).
[8] The Book of the New Moral World, pt. IV, p. 54.
[9] R. Owen, A New View of Society: or Essays on the Principle of the Formation of the Human Character.
[10] Quoted in Talmon, op. cit., p. 127.
[11] K. Marx, Preface to the Critique of Political Economy.
[12] Letter to the Chevalier de Rivarol, June 1, 1791.
[13] For his ‘declaration of political faith’ see Eckermann, Gespraeche mit Goethe, 4.I.1824.
[14] G. Lukacs, Derjunge Hegel, p. 409 for Kant, passim-esp. II, 5 for Hegel.
[15] Lukacs, op. cit., pp. 411—12.
<h4>第十四章 艺术</h4>
[1] S. Laing, Notes of a Traveller on the Social and Political State of France, Prussia, Switzerland, Italy and other parts of Europe, 1842 (1854 ed.), p.275.
[2] Oeuvres Complètes, XIV, p. 17.
[3] H. E. Hugo, The Portable Romantic Reader (1957), p. 58.
[4] Fragmente Vermischten Inhalts. (Novalis, Schriften (Jena 1923), III, pp. 45—6.
[5] From The Philosophy of Fine Art (London 1920), V.I., p. 106 f.
[6] E. C. Batho, The Later Wordsworth (1933), p.227, see also pp. 46—7, 197—9
[7] Mario Praz, The Romantic Agony (Oxford 1933).
[8] L. Chevalier, Classes Laborieuses et Classes Dangereuses à Paris dans la première moitié du XIX siecle. (Paris 1958.)
[9] Ricarda Huch, Die Romantik, I, p. 70.
[11] V. Hugo, Oeuvres Complètes, XV, p. 2.
[12] Oeuvres Complétes, IX (Paris 1879),p. 212.
[13] cf. M. Thibert, Le rôle social de l’art d’après les Saint-Simoniens (Paris n.d.).
[14] P. Jourda, op. cit., pp. 55—6.
[15] M. Capefigue, Histoire des Grandes Opérations Financières, IV, pp. 252—3.
[16] James Nasmyth, Engineer, An Autobiography, ed. Samuel Smiles (1897 end.), p.177.
[17] Ibid. pp. 243, 246, 251.
[18] E. Halévy, History of the English People in the Nineteenth Century (paper-back ed), I. 509
[19] D.S Landes Vieille Banque et Banque Nouvelle, Revue d’Histoire Modeme et Contemporaine, III,(1956), p. 205.
[20] cf. the long-playing records‘Shuttle and Cage’ Industrial Folk Ballads, (10T 13), Row, Bullies, Row (T7) and The Blackball Line, (T8) all on Topic, London.
[22] Select Committee on Drunkenness (Pari. Papers VIII, 1834) Q 571. In 1852, 28 pubs and 21 beershops in Manchester (out of 481 pubs and 1,298 beershops for a population of 303,000 in the borough)provided musical entertainment.(John T.Baylee; Statistics and Facts in reference to the Lord’s Day (London 1852), p. 20.)
<h4>第十五章 科学</h4>
[1] Quoted in S. Solomon, Commune, August 1939, p 964.
[2] G. C. C. Gillispie, Genesis and Geology (1951), p 116.
[3] Quoted in Encyclopédie de la Pléiade, Histoire de la Science (1957), p.1465.
[4] Essai sur I’éducation intellectuelle avec Le projet d’une Science nouvelle (Lausanne August 1939, p. 964. 1787).
[5] cf. Guerlac, Science and National, Strength, in E. M. Earle ed. Modern France (1951).
[6] Quoted in S. Mason, A History of the Sciences (1953), p. 286.
<h4>第十六章 结语：迈向1848</h4>
[1] Haxthausen, Studien ueber...Russland (1847), I, pp. 156—7.
[2] Hansard, 16 Feb. 1842, quoted in Robinson and Gallagher, Africa and the Victorians(1961), p.2.
[3] R.B.Morris, Encyclopedia of American History (1953), pp.515—516.
[5] Lyashchenko, op. cit., p. 370.
[6] J. Stamp, British Incomes and Property (1920), pp. 515, 431.
[7] M. L. Hansen, The Atlantic Migration 1607—1860, (Harvard 1945), p. 252.
[8] N. McCord,The Anti－Corn Law League 1838—46 (London 1958), chapter V.
[9] T. Kolokotrones, quoted in L. S. Stavrianos, Antecedents to Balkan Revolutions, Journal of Modern History, XXIX, 1957, p. 344.