230 . C. Cantave, M. Vanouse and R. Harrison, Trends in Poverty.Washington, DC: Center for Political and Economic Studies, 1999.
231 . Child Trends DataBank, Children in Poverty. Washington, DC:Child Trends, 2003.
232 . A. Blumstein, F. P. Rivara and R. Rosenfeld, ‘The rise and decline of homicide – and why’, Annual Review of Public Health(2000) 21:505–41.
233 . Annie E. Casey Foundation, KidsCount Databook. Baltimore, MD.Annie E. Casey Foundation, 1995.
234 . C. G. Colen, A. T. Geronimus and M. G. Phipps, ‘Getting a piece ofthe pie? The economic boom of the 1990s and declining teen birth rates inthe United States’, Social Science and Medicine(2006) 63 (6): 1531–45.
235 . D. Dorling, ‘Prime suspect: murder in Britain’, in P. Hillyard, C. Pantazis, S. Tombs, D. Gordon and D. Dorling (eds), CriminalObsessions: Why harm matters more than crime. London: Crime andSociety Foundation, 2005.
236 . R. Walmsley. ‘An overview of world imprisonment: global prisonpopulations, trends and solutions’, United Nations Programme NetworkInstitutes Technical Assistance Workshop. Vienna, 2001.
237 . R. Walmsley, World Prison Population List(6th and 7th editions).London: International Centre for Prison Studies, King’s College, 2005 and2006.
238 . A. Blumstein and A. J. Beck, ‘Population growth in USprisons,1980–1996’, Crime and Justice(1999) 26: 17–61.
239 . E. Chemerinsky, ‘Life in prison for shoplifting: cruel and unusualpunishment’, Human Rights(2004) 31: 11–13.
240 . M. Hough, J. Jacobson and A. Millie, The Decision to Imprison:Sentencing and the prison population. Rethinking crime and punishment.London: Prison Reform Trust, 2003.
241 . D. Downes, ‘The buckling of the shields: Dutch penal policy1985–1995’, in R. P. Weiss and N. South (eds), Comparing PrisonSystems: Towards a comparative and international penology. Amsterdam:Gordon & Breach Publishers, 1998.
242 . M. Mauer, Comparative International Rates of Incarceration: Anexamination of causes and trends. Washington, DC: Sentencing Project,2003.
243 . USDepartment of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, ‘Incarcerationrates for prisoners under State or Federal jurisdiction’, File: corpop25.wk1.http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/data/corpop25.wk1 (accessed 30 March2006).
244 . W. S. Wooden and A. O. Ballan, ‘Adaptation strategies and transientniches of one middle-class inmate in prison’, Psychological Reports(1996)78 (3, Pt 1): 870.
245 . The Sentencing Project, State Rates of Incarceration by Race.Washington, DC: Sentencing Project, 2004.
246 . R. Councell and J. Olagundoye. The Prison Population in 2001: Astatistical review.Home Office Findings 195. London: Home Office, 2003.
247 . Annie E. Casey Foundation, KidsCount Databook. Baltimore, MD:Annie E. Casey Foundation, 2008.
248 . Leadership Conference on Civil Rights and Leadership Conferenceon Civil Rights Education Fund, Justice on Trial: Racial disparities in theAmerican criminal justice system. Washington, DC: LCCR/LCCREF,2000.
249 . E. H. Johnson. ‘The Japanese experience: effects of decreasing resortto imprisonment’, in R. P. Weiss and N. South (eds.), Comparing PrisonSystems: Towards a comparative and international penology. Amsterdam:Gordon & Breach Publishers, 1998.
250 . J. O. Haley, ‘Confession, repentence and absolution’, in: M. Wrightand B. Galoway (eds), Mediation and Criminal Justice. Newbury Park,CA: Sage, 1989.
251 . Amnesty International, Annual Report – United States of America.London: Amnesty International, 2004.
252 . Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International, The Rest of TheirLives: Life without parole for child offenders in the United States. NewYork: Human Rights Watch, 2005.
253 . Human Rights Watch, Cold Storage: Super-maximum securityconfinement in Indiana. New York: Human Rights Watch, 1997.
254 . Human Rights Watch, Red Onion State Prison: Super-maximumsecurity confinement in Virginia. New York: Human Rights Watch, 1999.
255 . United Nations Committee against Torture, Conclusions andRecommendations of the Committee against Torture: United States ofAmerica. Geneva: United Nations, 2006.
256 . J. Irwin, The Warehouse Prison: Disposal of the new dangerousclass. Cary, NC: Roxbury Publishing Company, 2005.
257 . Amnesty International, Ill-treatment of Inmates in Maricopa CountyJails, Arizona. London: Amnesty International, 1997.
258 . E. James, ‘A life again’, Guardian, 5 September 2005.
259 . L. A. Rhodes. ‘Can there be “best practices” in supermax?’ in D. Jones (ed.), Humane Prisons. Oxford: Radcliffe Publishing, 2006.
260 . The Commission on Safety and Abuse in America’s Prisons,Confronting Confinement. New York: Vera Institute of Justice, 2006.
261 . P. Carter. Managing Offenders, Reducing Crime. CorrectionalServices Review. London: Prime Minister’s Strategy Unit, 2003.
262 . Home Office, Explaining Reconviction Rates: A critical analysis.Home Office Research Study 136. London: Home Office, 1995.
263 . S. Henry, ‘On the Effectiveness of Prison as Punishment. Incar-ceration Nation: The warehousing of America’s poor’. Ivy Tech StateCollege, South Bend, Indiana: http://www.is.wayne.edu/stuarthenry/Effectiveness_of_Punishment.htm, 2003.
264 . E. Currie, Crime and Punishment in America. New York: HenryHolt & Co, 1998.
265 . Youth Justice Board, Anti-social Behaviour Orders(B289). London:Youth Justice Board for England and Wales, 2006.
266 . NCH, Tackling Anti-social Behaviour: Have we got it right?London: NCHChildren’s Charities, 2006.
267 . K. Beckett and B. Western, ‘Governing social marginality’, in D. Garland (ed.), Mass Imprisonment: Social causes and consequences.London: Sage, 2001.
268 . D. Downes and K. Hansen, Welfare and Punishment: The relation-ship between welfare spending and imprisonment. London: Crime andSociety Foundation, 2006.
269 . J. Silverman, ‘Does prison work?’ ESRCSociety Today: Spotlights.http://www.esrc.ac.uk/ESRCInfoCentre/about/CI/CP/Our_Society_Today/Spotlights–2006/prison.aspx?ComponentId=16448&SourcePageId=16475(accessed 9 September 2008).
270 . M. Tonry, ‘Why are USincarceration rates so high?’ Crime andDelinquency(1999) 45: 419–37.
271 . J. Blanden, P. Gregg and S. Machin, Intergenerational mobility in Europe and North America. London: Centre for Economic Performance,London School of Economics, 2005.
272 . L. Mishel, J. Bernstein and S. Allegretto, The State of WorkingAmerica 2006/7. An Economic Policy Institute Book. Ithaca, NY: ILRPress, an imprint of Cornell University Press, 2007.
273 . OECD,Education at a Glance 2003. OECDIndicators. Paris:OECD, 2004.
274 . D. S. Massey, ‘The age of extremes: concentrated affluence andpoverty in the twenty-first century’, Demography(1996) 33: 395–412.
275 . P. A. Jargowsky, ‘Take the money and run: economic segregation inU.S. metropolitan areas’, American Sociological Review(1996) 61 (6):984–8.
276 . P. A. Jargowsky, Poverty and Place: Ghettos, barrios and theAmerican city. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1997.
277 . P. A. Jargowsky, Stunning Progress, Hidden Problems: The dramaticdecline of concentrated poverty in the 1990s. The Living Cities CensusSeries. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2003.
278 .D. Dorling, ‘Why Trevor is wrong about race ghettos’, Observer, 25 September 2005.
279 . D. Dorling, Human Geography of the UK. London: SagePublications, 2005.
280 . D. Dorling and P. Rees, ‘A nation still dividing: the British census andsocial polarization’, Environment and Planning(2003) 35: 1287–313.
281 . A. Berube, Mixed Communities in England. York: Joseph RowntreeFoundation, 2005.
282 . I. Kawachi, ‘Income inequality and economic residential segregation’,Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health(2002) 56 (3): 165–6.
283 . S. Mayer, How the Growth in Income Inequality Increased EconomicSegregation. The Joint Center for Poverty Research Working Paper 235.Chicago: NorthWestern University/University of Chicago, 2001.
284 . P. Lobmayer and R. G. Wilkinson, ‘Inequality, residential segrega-tion by income, and mortality in UScities’, Journal of Epidemiology andCommunity Health(2002) 56 (3): 183–7.
285 . N. J. Waitzman and K. R. Smith, ‘Separate but lethal: the effects ofeconomic segregation on mortality in metropolitan America’,MilbankQuarterly(1998) 76 (3): 341–73.
286 . P. Bourdieu, Distinction: A social critique of the judgement of taste.London: Routledge, 1984.
287 . K. Fox, Watching the English: The hidden rules of English behav-iour. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 2004.
288 . J. Epstein, Snobbery: The American version. New York: HoughtonMifflin Company, 2002.
289 . R. Sennett and J. Cobb, The Hidden Injuries of Class. New York:Alfred A. Knopf, 1972.
290 . S. J. Charlesworth, P. Gilfillan and R. G. Wilkinson, ‘Living inferior-ity’, British Medical Bulletin(2004) 69: 49–60.
291 . A. Marcus-Newhall, W. C. Pedersen, M. Carlson and N. Miller,‘Displaced aggression is alive and well: a meta-analytic review’, Journal ofPersonality and Social Psychology(2000) 78 (4): 670–89.
292 . R. A. Baron, J. H. Neumann and A. Geddes, ‘Social and personaldeterminants of workplace aggression: evidence for the impact of per-ceived injustice and the Type A behavior pattern’, Aggressive Behavior(1999) 25 (4): 281–96.
293 . D. L. Horowitz, ‘Direct, displaced and cumulative ethnic aggression’,Comparative Politics(1973): 6 (1): 1–16.
294 . H. Crawley, Evidence on Attitudes to Asylum and Immigration: Whatwe know, don’t know and need to know. Working Paper No. 23. Oxford:Centre on Migration, Policy and Society, University of Oxford, 2005.
295 . J. L. Ireland, Bullying among Prisoners: Evidence, research andintervention strategies. Hove: Brunner-Routledge, 2002.
296 . P. Earley, The Hot House: Life inside Leavenworth prison. NewYork: Bantam, 1992.
297 . J. Sidanius and F. Pratto, Social Dominance. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press, 1999.
298 . K. E. Pickett and R. G. Wilkinson, ‘People like us: ethnic groupdensity effects on health’, Ethnicity and Health(2008) 13 (4): 321–34.
299 . J. Boydell, J. van Os, K. McKenzie, J. Allardyce, R. Goel, R. G.McCreadie and R. M. Murray, ‘Incidence of schizophrenia in ethnicminorities in London: ecological study into interactions with environ-ment’, British Medical Journal(2001) 323 (7325): 1336–8.
300 . J. Neeleman and S. Wessely, ‘Ethnic minority suicide: a small areageographical study in south London’, Psychological Medicine(1999): 29 (2): 429–36.
301 . J. Neeleman, C. Wilson-Jones and S. Wessely, ‘Ethnic density anddeliberate self-harm: a small area study in south east London’, Journal ofEpidemiology and Community Health(2001) 55: 85–90.
302 . J. Fang, S. Madhavan, W. Bosworth and M. H. Alderman,‘Residential segregation and mortality in New York City’, Social Scienceand Medicine(1998) 47 (4): 469–76.
303 . L. Franzini and W. Spears, ‘Contributions of social context to inequalities in years of life lost to heart disease in Texas, USA’, SocialScience and Medicine(2003) 57 (10): 1847–61.
304 . C. M. Masi, L. C. Hawkley, Z. H. Piotrowski and K. E. Pickett,‘Neighborhood economic disadvantage, violent crime, group density, andpregnancy outcomes in a diverse, urban population’, Social Science andMedicine(2007) 65 (12): 2440–57.
305 . K. E. Pickett, J. W. Collins, Jr., C. M. Masi and R. G. Wilkinson,‘The effects of racial density and income incongruity on pregnancyoutcomes’, Social Science and Medicine(2005) 60 (10): 2229–38.
306 . E. M. Roberts, ‘Neighborhood social environments and the dis-tribution of low birthweight in Chicago’, American Journal of PublicHealth(1997) 87 (4): 597–603.
307 . L. C. Vinikoor, J. S. Kaufman, R. F. MacLehose and B. A. Laraia,‘Effects of racial density and income incongruity on pregnancy outcomesin less segregated communities’, Social Science and Medicine(2008) 66 (2): 255–9.
308 . A. M. Jenny, K. C. Schoendorf and J. D. Parker, ‘The associationbetween community context and mortality among Mexican-Americaninfants’, Ethnicity and Disease(2001) 11 (4): 722–31.
309 . J. R. Dunn, B. Burgess and N. A. Ross, ‘Income distribution, publicservices expenditures, and all cause mortality in USStates’, Journal ofEpidemiology and Community Health(2005) 59 (9): 768–74.
310 . A. Deaton and D. Lubotsky, ‘Mortality, inequality and race inAmerican cities and states’, Social Science and Medicine(2003) 56 (6):1139–53.
311 . D. K. McLaughlin and C. S. Stokes, ‘Income inequality and mortalityin UScounties: does minority racial concentration matter?’ AmericanJournal of Public Health(2002) 92 (1): 99–104.
312 .R. Ram,‘Income inequality, poverty, and population health: evi-dence from recent data for the United States’, Social Science and Medicine(2005) 61 (12): 2568–76.
313 . S. V. Subramanian and I. Kawachi, ‘The association between stateincome inequality and worse health is not confounded by race’,International Journal of Epidemiology(2003) 32 (6): 1022–8.
314 . R. Ram, ‘Further examination of the cross-country associationbetween income inequality and population health’, Social Science andMedicine(2006) 62 (3): 779–91.
315 . J. Banks, M. Marmot, Z. Oldfield and J. P. Smith, ‘Disease anddisadvantage in the United States and in England’, Journal of theAmerican Medical Association(2006) 295 (17): 2037–45.312. R. Ram,
316 . J. Banks, M. Marmot, Z. Oldfield and J. P. Smith, ‘The SESHealthGradient on Both Sides of the Atlantic’. NBERWorking Paper 12674.Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2007.
317 . D. Vagero and O. Lundberg, ‘Health inequalities in Britain andSweden’, Lancet(1989) 2 (8653): 35–6.
318 . D. A. Leon, D. Vagero and P. O. Olausson, ‘Social class differencesin infant mortality in Sweden: comparison with England and Wales’,British Medical Journal(1992) 305 (6855): 687–91.
319 . S. V. Subramanian and I. Kawachi, ‘Whose health is affected byincome inequality? A multilevel interaction analysis of contemporaneousand lagged effects of state income inequality on individual self-rated healthin the United States’, Health and Place(2006) 12 (2): 141–56.
320 . M. Wolfson, G. Kaplan, J. Lynch, N. Ross and E. Backlund,‘Relation between income inequality and mortality: empirical demonstra-tion’, British Medical Journal(1999) 319 (7215): 953–5.
321 . S. J. Babones, ‘Income inequality and population health: correlationand causality’, Social Science and Medicine(2008) 66 (7): 1614–26.
322 . C. A. Shively and T. B. Clarkson, ‘Social status and coronary arteryatherosclerosis in female monkeys’, Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis(1994) 14 (5): 721–6.
323 . C. A. Shively and T. B. Clarkson, ‘Regional obesity and coronaryartery atherosclerosis in females: a non-human primate model’, ActaMedica Scandinavica, Supplement (1988) 723: 71–8.
324 . M. Sahlins, Stone Age Economics. London: Routledge, 2003.
325 . T. Hobbes, Leviathan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.
326 . K. Jensen, J. Call and M. Tomasello, ‘Chimpanzees are rationalmaximisers in an ultimatum game’, Science(2007) 318 (5847): 107–9.
327 . J. Henrich, R. Boyd, S. Bowles, C. F. Camerer, E. Fehr, H. Gintis andR. McElreath, ‘Overview and synthesis’, in J. Henrich, R. Boyd, S. Bowles,C. F. Camerer, E. Fehr and H. Gintis (eds), Foundations of HumanSociality. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
328 . F. B. de Waal and F. Lanting, Bonobo: The forgotten ape. Berkeley:University of California Press, 1997.
329 . E. A. D. Hammock, L. J. Young, ‘Microsatellite instability generatesdiversity in brain and sociobehavioral traits’, Science(2005) 308 (5728):1630–34.
330 . J. B. Lassner, K. A. Matthews and C. M. Stoney, ‘Are cardiovascularreactors to asocial stress also reactors to social stress?’ Journal ofPersonality and Social Psychology(1994) 66 (1): 69–77.
331 . R. I. M. Dunbar, ‘Brains on two legs: group size and the evolution of intelligence’, in F. B. de Waal (ed.), Tree of Origin: What primatebehavior can tell us about human social evolution. Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press, 2001.
332 . C. Boehm, Hierarchy in the Forest: The evolution of egalitarianbehavior. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999.
333 . D. Erdal and A. Whiten, ‘Egalitarianism and Machiavellian intelli-gence in human evolution’, in P. Mellars and K. Gibson K. (eds), Modellingthe Early Human Mind. Cambridge: McDonald Institute Monographs,1996.
334 . R. G. Wilkinson, The Impact of Inequality. New York: New Press,2005.
335 .J. Woodburn, ‘Egalitarian societies’, Man(1982) 17: 431–51.
336 .I. C. G. Weaver, N. Cervoni, F. A. Champagne, A. C. d’Alessio, S. Sharma, J. R. Seckl, S. Dymov, M. Szyf and M. J. Meaney, ‘Epigeneticprogramming by maternal behaviour’, Nature Neuroscience(2004) 7: 847–54.
337 . S. Morris, ‘Women laughed as they forced toddlers to take part in“dog fight”’, Guardian, 21 April 2007.
338 . G. Rizzolatti and L. Craighero, ‘The mirror-neuron system’, AnnualReview of Neuroscience(2004) 27: 169–72.
339 . M. Kosfeld, M. Heinrichs, P. J. Zak, U. Fischbacher and E. Fehr,‘Oxytocin increases trust in humans’, Nature(2005) 435: 673–6.
340 . P. J. Zak, R. Kurzban and W. Matzner, ‘The neurobiology of trust’,Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences(2004) 1032: 224–7.
341 .J. K. Rilling, G. A. Gutman, T. R. Zeh, G. Pagnoni, G. S. Berns and C. D. Kilts, ‘A neural basis for social cooperation’, Neuron(2002) 35: 395–405.
342 . N. I. Eisenberger and M. D. Lieberman, ‘Why rejection hurts’,Trends in Cognitive Science(2004) 8: 294–300.
343 . J. W. Ouwerkerk, P. A. M. van Lange and M. Gallucci, ‘Avoiding the social death penalty: ostracism and cooperation in social dilemmas’, in K. D. Williams, J. P. Forgas and W. von Hippel (eds), The SocialOutcast: Ostracism, social exclusion, rejection and bullying. New York:Psychology Press, 2005.
344 . World Bank, World Development Indicators (WDI) September2006. Economic and Social Data Service International, Manchester:Mimas.
345 .World Wildlife Fund, Living Planet Report 2006. Gland,Switzerland: WWFInternational, 2007.
346 . R. M. Titmuss, Essays on the Welfare State. London: Unwin, 1958.
347 . H. Daly, Steady-state Economics. Washington, DC: Island Press,1991.
348 . M. Bookchin, The Ecology of Freedom. Oakland, CA: AKPress,2005.
349 . R. G. Wilkinson, Poverty and Progress. London: Methuen, 1973.
350 . H. C. Wallich, ‘Zero growth’, Newsweek, 24 January 1972.
351 . R. H. Frank, Falling Behind: How rising inequality harms the middleclass. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2007.
352 . S. Bowles and Y. Park, ‘Emulation, inequality, and work hours: wasThorsten Veblen right?’ Economic Journal(2005) 115: F397–F412.
353 . D. Neumark and A. Postlethwaite, ‘Relative income concerns and therise in married women’s employment’, Journal of Public Economics(1998) 70: 157–83.
354 . Y. Park, Veblen Effects on Labor Supply: Male earnings inequalityincreases women’s labor force participation. New London, CT: Depart-ment of Economics, Connecticut College, 2004.
355 . S. J. Solnick and D. Hemenway, ‘Is more always better? A survey on positional concerns’, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization(1998) 37: 373–83.
356 . T. Veblen, The Theory of the Leisure Class. Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press, 2007.
357 . Planet Ark, The Recycling Olympic Report. Sydney: Planet ArkEnvironmental Foundation, 2004.
358 . Vision of Humanity, Global Peace Index: Methodology, results andfindings. Cammeray, NSW: Vision of Humanity, 2007.
359 . G. B. Shaw, The Intelligent Woman’s Guide to Socialism andCapitalism. Edison, N J: Transaction Publishers, 2007.
360 . M. Bloom, ‘The performance effects of pay dispersion on indi-viduals and organizations’, Academy of Management Journal(1991) 42: 25–40.
361 . J. P. Mackenbach, ‘Socio-economic inequalities in health in WesternEurope’, in J. Siegrist and M. Marmot (eds), Social Inequalities in Health.Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.
362 . OECD, Social Expenditure – Aggregated Data. Vol. 2008, OECD.Stat, 2001.
363 . Tax Foundation, State and Local Tax Burdens Compared to OtherUSStates, 1970–2007. Washington, DC: Tax Foundation, 2007.
364 . Justice Policy Institute, Cellblocks or Classrooms?Washington, DC:Justice Policy Institute, 2002.
365 . L. J. Schweinhart and D. P. Weikart, ‘Success by empowerment: the High/Scope Perry Preschool Study through age 27’, Young Children(1993) 49: 54–8.
366 . World Bank, The East Asian Miracle. Oxford: Oxford UniversityPress, 1993.
367 . J. M. Page, ‘The East Asian miracle: an introduction’, WorldDevelopment(1994) 22 (4): 615–25.
368 . R. M. Titmuss, ‘War and social policy’, in R. M. Titmuss (ed.),Essays on the Welfare State(3rd edition). London: Unwin, 1976.
369 . L. McCall and J. Brash, What do Americans Think about Inequality?Working Paper. New York: Demos, 2004.
370 . J. Weeks, Inequality Trends in Some Developed OECDCountries.Working Paper No. 6. New York: United Nations Department ofEconomic and Social Affairs, 2005.
371 . J. Benson, ‘A typology of Japanese enterprise unions’, British Journalof Industrial Relations(1996) 34: 371–86.
372 . L. Osberg and T. Smeeding, ‘“Fair” inequality? Attitudes to paydifferentials: The United States in comparative perspective’, AmericanSociological Review(2006) 71: 450–73.
373 . J. Finch, ‘The boardroom bonanza’, Guardian, 29 August 2007.
374 . International Labour Organization, ‘Income inequalities in the age offinancial globalization’, World of Work Report 2008. Geneva: ILO, 2008.
375 . Institute for Policy Studies, Annual CEOCompensation Survey.Washington, DC: Institute for Policy Studies, 2007.
376 . United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, ‘Aretransnationals bigger than countries?’ Press release: TAD/INF/PR/47.Geneva: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, 2002.3378. 77. T. Paine, The Rights of Man. London: Penguin, 1984.G. Alperovitz, America beyond Capitalism. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley,2004.
379 . W. Hutton. ‘Let’s get rid of our silly fears of public ownership’,Observer, 6 April 2008.
380 . M. J. Conyon and R. B. Freeman, Shared Modes of Compensationand Firm Performance: UKEvidence. NBERWorking Paper W8448.Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2001.
381 . A. Pendleton and C. Brewster, ‘Portfolio workforce’, PeopleManagement(2001) July: 38–40.
382 . G. Gates, ‘Holding your own: the case for employee capitalism’,Demos Quarterly(1996) 8: 8–10.
383 . P. M. Rooney, ‘Worker participation in employee owned firms’,Journal of Economic Issues(1988) XXII (2): 451–8.
384 . J. L. Cotton, Employee Involvement: Methods for improvingperformance and work attitudes. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1993.
385 . National Center for Employee Ownership, Employee Ownership and Corporate Performance: A comprehensive review of the evidence.Oakland, CA: National Center for Employee Ownership, 2004.
386 . J. Blasi, D. Kruse and A. Bernstein, In the Company of Owners. NewYork: Basic Books, 2003.
387 . P. A. Kardas, A. Scharf and J. Keogh, Wealth and IncomeConsequences of Employee Ownership. Olympia, WA: Washington StateDepartment of Community, Trade and Economic Development, 1998.
388 . R. Oakeshott, Jobs and Fairness: The logic and experience ofemployee ownership. Norwich: Michael Russell, 2000.
389 . M. Quarrey and C. Rosen, ‘How well is employee ownership work-ing?’ Harvard Business Review(1987) Sep.–Oct.: 126–32.
390 . T. Theorell, ‘Democracy at work and its relationship to health’, in P. Perrewe and D. E. Ganster (eds), Emotional and Physiological Processesand Intervention Strategies: Research in occupational stress and wellbeing, Volume 3. Greenwich, CT: JAIPress, 2003.
391 . R. de Vogli, J. E. Ferrie, T. Chandola, M. Kivimaki and M. G.Marmot, ‘Unfairness and health: evidence from the Whitehall II Study’,Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health(2007) 61 (6): 513–18.
392 . D. Erdal, Local Heroes. London: Viking, 2008.
393 . D. Erdal, ‘The Psychology of Sharing: An evolutionary approach’.Unpublished PhD thesis, St Andrews, 2000.
394 . S. Milgram, Obedience to Authority. New York: Harper, 1969.
395 . L. T. Hobhouse, Liberalism. London: Williams & Norgate, 1911.
396 . D. Coyle, The Weightless World. Oxford: Capstone, 1997.
397 . K. E. Kiernan, F. K. Mensah. ‘Poverty, maternal depression, familystatus and children’s cognitive and behavioural development in earlychildhood: A longitudinal study’. Journal of Social Policy2009; doi:10.1017/S0047279409003250: 1–20.
398 . J. Bradshaw, N. Finch. A Comparison of Child Benefit Packages in 22Countries. Table 2.2. London: Department for Work and Pensions, 2002.
399 . OECD. Society at a glance 2009: OECD Social Indicators. OECD2009.
400 . I. Kawachi, B. P. Kennedy, K. Lochner, D. Prothrow-Stith. ‘Socialcapital, income inequality, and mortality’. Am J Public Health1997;87(9): 1491–8.
401 . E. Uslaner. The moral foundations of trust. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press, 2002.
402 . F. J. Elgar, W. Craig, W. Boyce, A. Morgan, R. Vella-Zarb. ‘Incomeinequality and school bullying: Multilevel study of adolescents in 37countries’. Journal of Adolescent Health2009; 45(4): 351–9.
403 . World Intellectual Property Organization. Intellectual propertystatistics, Publication A. Geneva: WIPO, 2001.
404 . Personal communication, R. De Vogli, D. Gimeno 2009.
405 . R. G. Wilkinson, K. E. Pickett. Equality and sustainability. London:
London Sustainable Development Commission, 2009.
406 . J. Hills, T. Sefton, K. Stewart (eds). Towards a more equal society?
Poverty, inequality and policy since 1997. Bristol: Policy Press, 2009.
407 . P. Krugman. The Conscience of a Liberal: Reclaiming America fromthe right. London: Penguin, 2009.
408 . L. Bamfield, T. Horton. Understanding attitudes to tackling eco-nomic inequality. York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation, 2009.
409 .M. I. Norton, D. Ariely, ‘Building a better America – one wealthquintile at a time’, Perspectives on Psychological Science:in press.
410 .D. Runciman, London Review of Books2009, No. 29; 22 Oct.2009.
411 .J. H. Goldthorpe, ‘Analysing Social Inequality: A Critique of TwoRecent Contributions from Economics and Epidemiology’, EuropeanSociological Review, 2009; doi:10.1093/esr/jcp046
412 .N. Oreskes, E. M. Conway, Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful ofScientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to GlobalWarming. New York: Bloomsbury, 2010.
413 .The Equality Trust. The authors respond to questions aboutTheSpirit Level’s analysis. http://www.equalitytrust.org.uk/resources/response-to-questions2010.
414 .M. Daly and M. Wilson, ‘Cultural inertia, economic incentives, and thepersistence of “southern violence”’, in Evolution, culture, and the humanmind.Edited by M. Schaller, A. Norenzayan, S. Heine, T. Yamagishi andT.Kameda. New York: Psychology Press. (2010) Pp. 229–241.
415 .F. J. Elgar, N. Aitken, ‘Income inequality, trust and homicide in 33countries’, European Journal of Public Health2010; doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckq068.
416 .P. Saunders, Beware of False Profits, Policy Exchange, London 2010.
417 .C. J. Snowdon, ‘The Spirit LevelDelusion’, Democracy Institute /Little Dice, London 2010.
418 .S. Hales, P. Howden-Chapman, C. Salmond, A. Woodward,J.Mackenbach, ‘National infant mortality rates in relation to grossnational product and distribution of income’, Lancet1999; 354:2047.
419 .N. A. Ross, M. C. Wolfson, J. R. Dunn, J. M. Berthelot, G. A.Kaplan, J. W. Lynch, ‘Relation between income inequality and mortalityin Canada and in the United States: cross sectional assessment using cen-sus data and vital statistics’, British Medical Journal2000; 320: 898–902.
420 .P. Walberg, M. McKee, V. Shkolnikov, L. Chenet, D. A. Leon,‘Economic change, crime, and mortality crisis in Russia: regional analysis’,British Medical Journal1998; 317 (7154) : 312–8.
421 .X. Pei , E. Rodriguez, ‘Provincial income inequality and self-reportedhealth status in China during 1991–7, Journal of Epidemiology andCommunity Health2006; 60:1065–9.
422 .Y. Ichida, K. Kondo, H. Hirai, T. Hanibuchi, G. Yoshikawa,C.Murata, ‘Social capital, income inequality and self-rated health in Chitapeninsula, Japan: a multilevel analysis of older people in 25 communities’,Social Science & Medicine2009; 69(4):489–99.
423 .S. V. Subramanian, I. Delgado, L. Jadue, J. Vega, I. Kawachi, ‘Incomeinequality and health: multilevel analysis of Chilean communities’, Journalof Epidemiology and Community Health2003;57(11):844–8.
424 .K. E. Pickett, R. G. Wilkinson, ‘Child wellbeing and income inequal-ity in rich societies: ecological cross sectional study’, British MedicalJournal2007; 335 (7629):1080.
425 .K. E. Pickett, O. W. James, R. G. Wilkinson. Income inequality andtheprevalence of mental illness: a preliminary international analysis.JEpidemiol Community Health2006; 60(7): 646–7.
426 .J. Blanden, ‘How much can we learn from international comparisonsof intergenerational mobility’, London: Centre for the Economics ofEducation, London School of Economics, 2009.
427 .S. J. Babones, ‘Income inequality and population health: Correlationand causality’, Social Science & Medicine2008; 66(7): 1614–26.
428 .D. Collison, C. Dey, G. Hannah, L. Stevenson, ‘Income inequalityand child mortality in wealthy nations’, Journal of Public Health2007;29(2): 114–7.
429 .F. J. Elgar, ‘Income Inequality, trust, and population health in33countries’, American Journal of Public Health,doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.189134.
430 .V. Hildebrand, P. Van Kerm, ‘Income inequality and self-rated healthstatus: evidence from the European Community Household Panel’,Demography2009; 46(4): 805–25.
431 .A. J. Idrovo, M. Ruiz-Rodriguez, A. P. Manzano-Patino, ‘Beyond theincome inequality hypothesis and human health: a worldwide explo-ration’, Revista Salude Publica2010; 44(4): 695–702.
432 .M. H. Jen, K. Jones, R. Johnston, ‘Compositional and contextualapproaches to the study of health behaviour and outcomes: using multi-level modelling to evaluate Wilkinson’s income inequality hypothesis’,Health & Place2009; 15(1):198–203.
433 .M. H. Jen, K. Jones, R. Johnston, ‘Global variations in health: evalu-ating Wilkinson’s income inequality hypothesis using the World ValuesSurvey’, Social Science & Medicine2009; 68(4): 643–53.
434 .M. Karlsson, T. Nilsson, C. H. Lyttkens, G. Leeson, ‘Income inequal-ity and health: importance of a cross-country perspective’, Social Science& Medicine2010; 70(6): 875–85.
435 .D. Kim, I. Kawachi, S. V. Hoorn, M. Ezzati, ‘Is inequality at theheart of it? Cross-country associations of income inequality with cardio-vascular diseases and risk factors’, Social Science & Medicine2008; 66(8):1719–32.
436 .A. Barford, D. Dorling, K. E. Pickett, ‘Re-evaluating self-evaluation:A commentary on Jen, Jones, and Johnston (68: 4, 2009). Social Science &Medicine2010; 70(4): 496–7.
437 .D. Dorling, A. Barford, ‘The inequality hypothesis: thesis, antithesis,and a synthesis?’ Health & Place2009; 15(4): 1166–9.
438 .N. Kondo, G. Sembajwe, I. Kawachi, R. M. van Dam, S. V.Subramanian, Z. Yamagata, ‘Income inequality, mortality, and self ratedhealth: meta-analysis of multilevel studies’, British Medical Journal2009;339:b4471.
439 .A. Clarkwest, ‘Neo-materialist theory and the temporal relationshipbetween income inequality and longevity change’, Social Science &Medicine2008; 66 (9): 1871–81.
440 .J. Holt-Lunstad, T. B. Smith, J. B. Layton, ‘Social relationships and mor-tality risk: a meta-analytic review’. PLoS Medicine2010; 7(7):e1000316.
441 .D. Dorling, ‘Is more equal more green?’ Lecture to the RoyalGeographical Society; 2010; London. http://sasi.group.shef.ac.uk/presentations/rgs/.
442 .R. G. Wilkinson, K. E. Pickett, R. De Vogli, ‘A convenient truth’,British Medical Journalin press.
443 .J. T. Roberts, B. C. Parks, Climate of Injustice: Global Inequality,North-South Politics and Climate Policy. Boston: The MIT Press, 2006.
444 .J-S. You, S. Khagram, ‘Comparative study of inequality and corrup-tion’, American Sociological Review2005; 70: 136–57.
445 .I. Kawachi, B. P. Kennedy, ‘Socioeconomic determinants of health :Health and social cohesion: why care about income inequality?’ BritishMedical Journal1997; 314: 1037.
446 .B. Geysa, ‘Explaining voter turnout: A review of aggregate-levelresearch’ Electoral Studies, 2006; 25(4): 637–663.
447 .M. Iacoviello, ‘Household debt and income inequality 1963 to 2003’,Journal of Money, Credit and Banking2008; 40:929–65.
448 .OECD StatExtracts 2008, 2009 http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SNA http://www.oecdwash.org/PUBS/ELECTRONIC/SAMPLES/natac_vol3_guide.pdf
449 .D. Sington, The Flaw: Dartmouth Films, 2010.
450 .B. Milanovic, ‘Income inequality and speculative investment by therich and poor in America led to the financial meltdown’, Two Views onthe Cause of the Global Crisis – Part I. YaleGlobal Online, 4 May 2009.
451 .D. Moss, ‘An Ounce of Prevention: Financial Regulation, MoralHazard, and the End of “Too Big to Fail”’, Harvard Magazine,2009;September–October 2009.
452 .P. Krugman, ‘Inequality and crises: coincidence or causation?’ http://www.princeton.edu/~pkrugman/inequality_crises.pdf
453 .D. Cameron, the GuardianHugo Young Lecture, 10 November2009.
454 .E. Miliband, Victory speech, Labour Party Conference, Manchester25 September 2010.
455 .E. Miliband, BBC Radio 4, Today, 12 July 2010.
456 .The Equality Trust. http://www.equalitytrust.org.uk/pledge/signatories